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A plant-based diet is a diet of any animal (including humans) based on foods derived from plants, including vegetables, whole grains, legumes and fruits, but with few or no animal products.〔Liane Summerfield, ''Nutrition, Exercise, and Behavior: An Integrated Approach to Weight Management'' (2011), p. 181-182.〕〔Philip J Tuso, MD; Mohamed H Ismail, MD; Benjamin P Ha, MD; Carole Bartolotto, MA, RD. "(Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets )." ''The Permanente Journal'' (Kaiser Permanente). 2013 Spring; 17(2):61-66.〕〔Phillip Tuso, MD, FACP, FASN; Scott R Stoll, MD; William W Li, MD."(A Plant-Based Diet, Atherogenesis, and Coronary Artery Disease Prevention )." ''The Permanente Journal'' (Kaiser Permanente). 2015 Winter; 19(1):November 24, 2014〕 The use of the phrase has changed over time, and examples can be found of the phrase "plant-based diet" being used to refer to vegan diets, which contain no food from animal sources, to vegetarian diets which include eggs and dairy but no meat, and to diets with varying amounts of animal-based foods, such as semi-vegetarian diets which contain small amounts of meat.〔 Plant-based diets have been noted to offer certain health benefits to humans, whether they are entirely plant-based and free of animal-based foods, or contain limited amounts of them.〔 It has been proposed that many people live on a plant-based diet out of economic necessity. As of 1999 it was estimated that "an estimated 4 billion people live primarily on a plant-based diet", and that "shortage of cropland, freshwater, and energy resources requires that most of the 4 billion people live primarily on a plant-based diet".〔David Pimentel, Marcia H. Pimentel, ''Food, Energy, and Society'', CRC Press, 2007, p. 67.〕 ==Variations== Historically, examples can be found of the phrase "plant-based diet" being used to refer to diets with varying amounts of animal-based foods, from none at all (vegan) to small amounts of any kind of meat, so long as the primary focus is on plant-based foods (semi-vegetarian). The 2005 book, ''The China Study'', by T. Colin Campbell, the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, and his son Thomas M. Campbell II, a physician, tended to equate a plant-based diet with veganism,〔T. Colin Campbell and Thomas M. Campbell II, ''The China Study'' (2005).〕 although at points the book describes people having a "mostly" plant-based diet.〔''The China Study'', p. 73; 139.〕 Vegan wellness writer Ellen Jaffe Jones stated in a 2011 interview: More recently a number of authoritative resources have used the phrase "plant-based diet" to refer to diets including varying degrees of animal products, defining "plant-based diets" as, for example "diets that include generous amounts of plant foods and limited amounts of animal foods", and as diets "rich in a variety of vegetables and fruits, legumes, and minimally processed starchy staple foods and limiting red meat consumption, if red meat is eaten at all".〔See American Dietetic Association and Dietiticians of Canada, "(Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets )" (February 16, 2014): " ... plant-based diets, defined as diets that include generous amounts of plant foods and limited amounts of animal foods", and listing the views of other groups.〕 In various sources, "plant-based diet" has been used to refer to: * Veganism: diet of vegetables, legumes, fruit, grains, nuts, and seeds, but no food from animal sources. * * Fruitarianism: vegan diet consisting primarily of fruit. * * Raw veganism: vegan diet in which food is uncooked and sometimes dehydrated. * Vegetarianism: diet of vegetables, legumes, fruit, nuts, etc, that may include eggs and dairy, but no meat. * * Ovo-lacto vegetarianism: includes dairy and eggs * *Ovo vegetarianism: includes eggs but no dairy〔 * *Lacto vegetarianism: includes dairy but no eggs〔 * Semi-vegetarianism: mostly vegetarian diet with occasional inclusion of meat and/or poultry.〔 * * Macrobiotic diet: semi-vegetarian diet that highlights whole grains, vegetables, beans, miso soup, sea vegetables, and traditionally or naturally processed foods, with or without seafood and other animal products. * * Pescatarian: semi-vegetarian diet with eggs, dairy and seafood. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plant-based diet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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